Iron deficiency is one of the most prevalent types of anaemia worldwide. It occurs when the body lacks sufficient iron to produce haemoglobin—the essential protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Without enough iron, the blood’s ability to transport oxygen decreases, leading to a gradual onset of symptoms.
Causes of Iron Deficiency
Several factors can contribute to low iron levels, often linked to blood loss, poor absorption, or inadequate dietary intake. Key causes include:
Chronic bleeding: Stomach ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease, or colon cancer can lead to persistent blood loss. Long-term use of medications such as aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can also increase the risk.
Acute bleeding: Heavy menstrual cycles or significant blood loss after childbirth are common triggers.
Malabsorption disorders: Conditions such as Helicobacter pylori infection, celiac disease, or bariatric surgery can impair the body’s ability to absorb iron.
Poor nutrition: A diet lacking in iron-rich foods over time can deplete the body’s iron reserves.
Who Is Most at Risk?
Although anyone can develop Iron-Deficiency anaemia, some groups are more vulnerable:
Women of childbearing age: Monthly menstrual blood loss, combined with pregnancy and breastfeeding demands, often reduces iron levels.
Pregnant women: The need for iron doubles during pregnancy to support both the mother and the growing baby. Without supplementation, complications such as severe anaemia or preterm birth may occur.
Infants and children: Babies born prematurely or with low birth weight may not have enough stored iron, while children with limited diets may be at risk of deficiency.
Vegetarians and vegans: Excluding meat from the diet can limit iron intake unless replaced with plant-based sources paired with vitamin C to boost absorption.
Frequent blood donors: Regular donation can gradually deplete the body’s iron stores if not replenished.
Symptoms and Warning Signs
In its early stages, Iron-Deficiency anaemia may go unnoticed. However, as iron levels continue to fall, symptoms become more evident, including:
Pale skin and fatigue.
Persistent tiredness and low energy even after light activity.
Headaches, dizziness, or shortness of breath.
Cold hands and feet due to poor circulation.
Brittle or spoon-shaped nails, tongue pain, or mouth sores.
Cravings for non-food items such as ice, clay, or soil.
Severe cases may cause chest pain, rapid heartbeat, or difficulty breathing, signalling strain on the heart and lungs.
Potential Complications
If left untreated, Iron-Deficiency anaemia can lead to serious health consequences:
Heart problems: The heart must pump harder to compensate for low oxygen levels, which can cause enlargement or even heart failure.
Pregnancy risks: Premature delivery and low birth weight are more likely in mothers with untreated anaemia.
Developmental delays in children: Chronic deficiency can impair growth, learning ability, and concentration.
Weakened immunity: Making the body more prone to infections.
Diagnosis
Doctors typically rely on blood tests to confirm the condition, including:
Complete blood count (CBC): To measure haemoglobin levels and red blood cell size.
Ferritin test: To evaluate iron storage in the body.
Additional tests, such as endoscopy or colonoscopy, may be recommended if hidden internal bleeding is suspected.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the underlying cause but commonly involves:
Oral iron supplements: The first-line therapy for most patients.
Intravenous iron: Used when absorption is poor or anaemia is severe.
Blood transfusions: Reserved for emergency cases involving significant blood loss or very low haemoglobin levels.
Equally important is addressing the root cause, whether it is bleeding, poor absorption, or inadequate nutrition.
Prevention and Lifestyle Tips
Maintaining healthy iron levels largely depends on diet and lifestyle choices. Key strategies include:
Eating iron-rich foods: Lean red meat, liver, poultry, seafood, spinach, broccoli, beans, and lentils.
Enhancing absorption: Pair iron sources with vitamin C–rich foods like oranges, strawberries, and bell peppers.
Avoiding inhibitors: Reduce tea, coffee, and calcium supplements during iron intake, as they can block absorption.
Routine check-ups: Regular blood tests and medical follow-ups are essential for those at higher risk.
Conclusion
Iron-deficiency anaemia is more than just feeling tired—it is a widespread health condition that can significantly impact quality of life and lead to serious complications if left untreated. With proper nutrition, timely diagnosis, and appropriate medical care, it can be effectively prevented and treated.
By: Dr Badreyya Al-Harmi, Consultant Public Health
